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991.
战斗机座舱人机界面基本模型分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
讨论战斗机人机界面的组成部分及其功能,把各部分划分到飞行员和战斗机的三要素中,在此基础上建立了战斗机座舱人机界面三要素基本模型;通过分析要素组成部分间相互关系,利用不同的线条表示其不同程度的相互作用关系;对飞行员和战斗机的三要素组成部分进行了工效分析,进而探讨其在战斗机人机界面中的作用。通过人机界面模型的建立以及对战斗机座舱人机界面模型中的三要素进行的工效分析,得出了在人机界面中各个因素的重要程度及其功能作用,为战斗机座舱人机界面的设计提供了参考。 相似文献
992.
An analysis of motorcycle injury and vehicle damage severity using ordered probit models 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Problem: Motorcycles constitute about 19% of all motorized vehicles in Singapore and are generally overrepresented in traffic accidents, accounting for 40% of total fatalities. Method: In this paper, an ordered probit model is used to examine factors that affect the injury severity of motorcycle accidents and the severity of damage to the vehicle for those crashes. Nine years of motorcycle accident data were obtained for Singapore through police reports. These data included categorical assessments of the severity of accidents based on three levels. Damage severity to the vehicle was also assessed and categorized into four levels. Categorical data of this type are best analyzed using ordered probit models because they require no assumptions regarding the ordinality of the dependent variable, which in this case is the severity score. Various models are examined to determine what factors are related to increased injury and damage severity of motorcycle accidents. Results: Factors found to lead to increases in the probability of severe injuries include the motorcyclist having non-Singaporean nationality, increased engine capacity, headlight not turned on during daytime, collisions with pedestrians and stationary objects, driving during early morning hours, having a pillion passenger, and when the motorcyclist is determined to be at fault for the accident. Factors leading to increased probability of vehicle damage include some similar factors but also show some differences, such as less damage associated with pedestrian collisions and with female drivers. In addition, it was also found that both injury severity and vehicle damage severity levels are decreasing over time. 相似文献
993.
Three mathematical models, the runoff curve number equation, the universal soil loss equation, and the mass response functions,
were evaluated for predicting nonpoint source nutrient loading from agricultural watersheds of the Mediterranean region. These
methodologies were applied to a catchment, the gulf of Gera Basin, that is a typical terrestrial ecosystem of the islands
of the Aegean archipelago. The calibration of the model parameters was based on data from experimental plots from which edge-of-field
losses of sediment, water runoff, and nutrients were measured. Special emphasis was given to the transport of dissolved and
solid-phase nutrients from their sources in the farmers' fields to the outlet of the watershed in order to estimate respective
attenuation rates. It was found that nonpoint nutrient loading due to surface losses was high during winter, the contribution
being between 50% and 80% of the total annual nutrient losses from the terrestrial ecosystem. The good fit between simulated
and experimental data supports the view that these modeling procedures should be considered as reliable and effective methodological
tools in Mediterranean areas for evaluating potential control measures, such as management practices for soil and water conservation
and changes in land uses, aimed at diminishing soil loss and nutrient delivery to surface waters. Furthermore, the modifications
of the general mathematical formulations and the experimental values of the model parameters provided by the study can be
used in further application of these methodologies in watersheds with similar characteristics. 相似文献
994.
Understanding how hydraulic factors control alluvial river meander migration can help resource managers evaluate the long-term
effects of floodplain management and bank stabilization measures. Using a numerical model based on the mechanics of flow and
sediment transport in curved river channels, we predict 50 years of channel migration and suggest the planning and ecological
implications of that migration for a 6.4-km reach (river miles 218–222) of the Sacramento River near the Woodson Bridge State
Recreation Area, California, USA.
Using four different channel management scenarios, our channel migration simulations suggest that: (1) channel stabilization
alters the future channel planform locally and downstream from the stabilization; (2) rock revetment currently on the bank
upstream from the Woodson Bridge recreation area causes more erosion of the channel bank at the recreation area than if the
revetment were not present; (3) relocating the channel to the west and allowing subsequent unconstrained river migration relieves
the erosion pressure in the Woodson Bridge area; (4) the subsequent migration reworks (erodes along one river bank and replaces
new floodplain along the other) 26.5 ha of land; and (5) the river will rework between 8.5 and 48.5 ha of land in the study
reach (over the course of 50 years), depending on the bank stabilization plan used. The reworking of floodplain lands is an
important riparian ecosystem function that maintains habitat heterogeneity, an essential factor for the long-term survival
of several threatened and endangered animal species in the Sacramento River area. 相似文献
995.
Peter B. Woodbury Ronald M. Beloin Dennis P. Swaney Brian E. Gollands David A. Weinstein 《Ecological modelling》2002,150(3):959
We have developed a modeling framework to support grid-based simulation of ecosystems at multiple spatial scales, the Ecological Component Library for Parallel Spatial Simulation (ECLPSS). ECLPSS helps ecologists to build robust spatially explicit simulations of ecological processes by providing a growing library of reusable interchangeable components and automating many modeling tasks. To build a model, a user selects components from the library, and then writes new components as needed. Some of these components represent specific ecological processes, such as how environmental factors influence the growth of individual trees. Other components provide simulation support such as reading and writing files in various formats to allow inter-operability with other software. The framework manages components and variables, the order of operations, and spatial interactions. The framework provides only simulation support; it does not include ecological functions or assumptions. This separation allows biologists to build models without becoming computer scientists, while computer scientists can improve the framework without becoming ecologists. The framework is designed to operate on multiple platforms and be used across networks via a World Wide Web-based user interface. ECLPSS is designed for use with both single processor computers for small models, and multiple processors in order to simulate large regions with complex interactions among many individuals or ecological compartments. To test Version 1.0 of ECLPSS, we created a model to evaluate the effect of tropospheric ozone on forest ecosystem dynamics. This model is a reduced-form version of two existing models:
, which represents an individual tree, and
, which represents forest stand growth and succession. This model demonstrates key features of ECLPSS, such as the ability to examine the effects of cell size and model structure on model predictions. 相似文献
996.
在实地调查和与专家访谈的基础上设计函调问卷,通过对函调问卷的综合分析,构建模糊评价模型,对西递旅游与社区经济互动持续发展水平做出评判。结果表明,西递旅游与社区经济处在基本可持续发展阶段,但也存在着一些制约旅游与社区经济互动持续发展的因素。在此基础上,提出促进西递旅游与社区经济互动持续发展的建议和措施。 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
发展经济和保护环境是现代政府治理的主要课题。环境问题越来越严峻,对公众的影响越来越深,政府和公众的环保意识不断增强,他们不断地参与到环境保护运动中。政府和公众都是理性的经济人,他们有不同的利益诉求。由于信息交流的不顺畅,政府和公众在环境保护参与中进行着博弈。在博弈的过程中,博弈的情景不断变化,政府和公众对环境问题的认知在不断地变化,他们采取的策略也不断发生变化,他们之间的博弈从合作博弈到非合作博弈再到合作博弈,不断循环,从而达到发展经济和保护环境的双重目的。 相似文献
1000.